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DOI:10.35833/MPCE.2022.000371
A Review on Active Customers Participation in Smart Grids
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Author: Konrad Schmitt1, Rabindra Bhatta1, Manohar Chamana1, Mahtab Murshed2, Ilham Osman3, Stephen Bayne1, Luciane Canha4

Author Affiliation: 1.Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
2.Wind Energy Program, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA
3.Electromechanical and Power Systems Department, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
4.Design Release Engineer at Electrification and Power conversion, General Motors, GM Tech Center Road, Warren, MI, 48092, USAl

Foundation:
This work was supported by the US Department of Defense (DOD)’s Environmental Security Technology Certification Program (ESTCP) (No. W912HQ20C0022). The authors also would like to acknowledge the support from the National Institute of Science and Technology on Distributed Generation Power Systems (INCT-GD), Higher Level Personnel Training Coordination (CAPES - No. 23038.000776/2017-54), Foundation for Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS - No. 17/2551-0000517-1), Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), (CAPES/PROEX)—Financial code 001 and CNPq, the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, process 465640/2014-1 and process CNPq PQ 1-D 310761/2018-2.
Abstract: Industrial, commercial, and residential facilities are progressively adopting automation and generation capabilities. By having flexible demand and renewable energy generation, traditional passive customers are becoming active participants in electric power system operations. Through profound coordination among grid operators and active customers, the facilities’ capability for demand response (DR) and distributed energy resource (DER) management will be valuable asset for ancillary services (ASs). To comply with the increasing demand and flexible energy, utilities urgently require standards, regulations, and programs to efficiently handle load-side resources without trading off stability and reliability. This study reviews different types of customers’ flexibilities for DR, highlighting their capabilities and limitations in performing local ancillary services (LASs), which should benefit the power grid by profiting from it through incentive mechanisms. Different financial incentives and techniques employed around the world are presented and discussed. The potential barriers in technical and regulatory aspects are successfully identified and potential solutions along with future guidance are discussed.


Keywords:
Active distribution network (ADN) ; ancillary services ; energy management ; flexible demand ; resiliency
Received:June 27, 2022               Online Time:2023/01/28
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