The distributed capacitance of the line becomes larger as the scale of wind farms, the transmission voltage level, and the transmission distance increase. Hence, the error of the traditional time-domain distance protection scheme based on the R-L model, which ignores the distributed capacitance of the line, becomes unacceptable. Therefore, the error of the time-domain fault location method based on the R-L model, especially the maximum error range, is theoretically analyzed in this paper. On this basis, a novel fault location method based on the R-L and Bergeron models is proposed. Then, a fast time-domain distance protection scheme is designed. In the proposed scheme, the error in the fitting calculation is used to construct a weight matrix, and an algorithm for solving the time-domain differential equations is designed to improve the calculation speed and stability. Compared with the traditional frequency-domain distance protection scheme, the proposed scheme is independent of the power supply characteristics; thus, it is suitable for wind farm transmission lines. In addition, compared with the traditional method based on the R-L model, the proposed scheme effectively avoids the negative influence of the distributed capacitance of the line, which significantly improves the operating speed. Different types of faults are simulated by PSCAD/EMTDC to verify the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed scheme.