Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy

ISSN 2196-5625 CN 32-1884/TK

Probabilistic Assessment of Impact of Flexible Loads Under Network Tariffs in Low-voltage Distribution Networks
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School of Electrical and Information Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

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    Abstract:

    Given the historically static nature of low-voltage networks, distribution network companies do not possess the tools for dealing with an increasingly variable demand due to the high penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs). Within this context, this paper proposes a probabilistic framework for tariff design that minimises the impact of DER on network performance, stabilises the revenue of network company, and improves the equity of network cost allocation. To deal with the lack of customers’ response, we also show how DER-specific tariffs can be complemented with an automated home energy management system (HEMS) that reduces peak demand while retaining the desired comfort level. The proposed framework comprises a nonparametric Bayesian model which statistically generates synthetic load and PV traces, a hot-water-use statistical model, a novel HEMS to schedule customers’ controllable devices, and a probabilistic power flow model. Test cases using both energy- and demand-based network tariffs show that flat tariffs with a peak demand component reduce the customers’ cost, and alleviate network constraints. This demonstrates, firstly, the efficacy of the proposed tool for the development of tariffs that are beneficial for the networks with a high penetration of DERs, and secondly, how customers’ HEM systems can be part of the solution.

    表 3 Table 3
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    表 2 Table 2
    图1 Weekday net demand profiles for a set of ten customers at 80% penetration level of PV and aggregate net demand of the same ten customers.Fig.1
    图2 Overview of methodology.Fig.2
    图3 Demand profiles. (a) 1000 synthetic demand profiles. (b) Aggregate observed and synthetic weekday demand profiles.Fig.3
    图4 Annual electricity cost for 332 customers in three scenarios.Fig.4
    图6 Monthly peak demand of 332 customers in Scenarios 1-3.Fig.6
    图7 Percentage change in median peak demand.Fig.7
    图8 Feeder head loading level and percentage of customers with voltage problems for Feeders 1-3. (a) Feeder head loading level. (b) Percentage of customers with voltage problems.Fig.8
    图5 Illustration of peak demand reduction due to p̂ in optimisation problem (20). (a) Peak demand reduction achieved using demand charges with Flat tariff. (b) Peak demand reduction achieved using demand charges with ToU tariff.Fig.5
    表 5 Table 5
    表 6 Table 6
    表 1 Table 1
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History
  • Received:November 04,2019
  • Revised:
  • Adopted:
  • Online: August 04,2021
  • Published: